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1993-04-21
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OFFICE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION
JET PROPULSION LABORATORY, CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. TELEPHONE 354-5011
Thursday, September 22, 1966
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
The Surveyor II spacecraft, which was to soft-land on
the moon tonight, lost communications with Earth tracking
stations at 2:35 a.m. PDT today--45 hours and three minutes
after it was launched from Cape Kennedy.
The mission ended during the firing of Surveyor's
10,000 pound thrust retro-rocket, one of a number of engineering
experiments performed when it became apparent that a soft
landing would not be possible.
For more than 24 hours, engineers at the Jet Propulsion
Laboratory attempted to correct an out-of-control tumbling con-
dition which began during the midcourse trajectory correction.
Surveyor Project officials said the 60-rpm tumble was
caused by the failure of one of three vernier (throttleable)
rocket engines to ignite during the thrust phase of the mid-
course maneuver at 10:00 p.m. Tuesday.
Flight control engineers at JPL first tried to
stabilize the spacecraft with small nitrogen gas jets, part of
Surveyor's attitude control system, but abandoned the attempt
because the rapid tumble was beyond the correction capability
of the jets. T
-2-
In order to stabilize the spacecraft, it was necessary
that all three vernier rocket engines fire simultaneously. The
same three-engine firing is required to perform a controlled
landing.
A total of 38 attempts to fire the engines at various
thrust levels and durations were conducted beginning at 12:28
a.m. yesterday. In each case, only two engines ignited.
The final attempt, at 1:05 a.m. today, was commanded
from the Canberra, Australia, tracking station of the Deep Space
Network and called for a full-thrust motor burn for 20 seconds.
While a proper three-engine firing might have corrected the 92-
rpm tumble, the partial, off-center thrust increased the tumble
rate to 136 rpm.
Because the tumble prevented the spacecraft's solar
panel from locking onto the sun, Surveyor was operating on
battery power alone. Concern that the battery life was nearing
an end prompted project officials to conduct experiments in an
effort to obtain as much engineering data as possible before
the mission ended.
Early today it also was apparent that the major objec-
tives of the mission could not be met.
Commands were transmitted from the Canberra station to
vent helium gas used to pressurize the vernier engines, erect
the solar panel, turn on the radar altimeter and doppler velo-
city sensor normally used during the final descent phase of
Surveyor flight and fire the main retro engine. Z
-3-
Activation of the radar system gave engineers important
data on the capability of a weakened spacecraft battery to
provide electricity to a system with large power requirements.
Helium venting provided information on the reliability
of a possibly faulty pressure sensor.
Because of centrifugal force of the tumbling, the solar
panel bounced as it was commanded to move in small increments.
The attempt to point the panel toward the sun was abandoned when
the bouncing continued with each series of commands. In addi-
tion to the possibility of obtaining some solar energy, it was
hoped that movement of the panel would provide mechanical data.
The main retro motor was ignited at 29 seconds after
2:34 a.m. Planned as the last event in the mission of Surveyor
II, it was expected that firing of the 10,000-pound-thrust
engine would terminate communications with the spacecraft.
The Canberra station was able to track Surveyor during
30 seconds of the 40-second-duration firing. Loss of radio
lock occurred at 2:35 a.m.
Helium tank depressurization increased the tumble rate
from 136 rpm to 146 rpm. At the time of communications loss
during retro fire, the tumble slowed to 116 rpm.
Whether or not the spacecraft was damaged structurally
by the large stresses from retro firing was not known. N
-4-
Surveyor's trajectory remains an encounter course with
the moon where it will impact about 8:30 p.m. PDT today at a
velocity of about 6,000 miles per hours.
410-9/22/66